Plato s Theory Of Recollection - 1373 Words

The general topic is Plato’s theory of recollection. Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection the plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? Throughout many of his dialogues Plato often concludes that we cannot know something through our senses. He often concludes that we became acquainted with our knowledge in a previous existence. In Meno, Socrates states that, â€Å"As the soul is immortal, has been born often, and has seen all things here and in the underworld, there is nothing which it has not learned; so it is in no way surprising that it can recollect the things it knew before†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In many of Plato’s works is it difficult to recognize as to where our thoughts and/or total knowledge initially came â€Å"to be.† With the use of Socrates’ elenchus , Meno finds himself in aporia , and leads him to introduce us to, what is titled, the paradox of knowledge. It is, as he states: MENO: How will you look for it, Socrates, when you do not know at all what it is? How will you aim to search for something you do not know at all? If you should meet with it, how will you know that this is the thing that you did not know? Meno wants to know how you are supposed to search for something you cannot even identify as the subject of your search. We find that we either know what we are looking for or we don’t. If we do know what we are looking for, then why do we wonder? But if we do not know, our inquiry is impossible; how can we find what we do not know what we are looking for? Here we findShow MoreRelatedPlato s Theory Of Recollection1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthe spirit can never die and it generally brings life. The body is accepted to be mortal and needs to experience the physical demise however the spirit is not crushed simultaneously. Plato tries to make clear of the contention by looking at cold and fire. The second argument is otherwise called the theory of recollection, this hypothesis tries to clarify that human have some knowledge that is non exact sample of this knowledge is the knowledge during childbirth. This is utilized to show or suggest thatRead MoreIs Plato s Theory Of Recollectio n A Plausible Solution For Meno s Paradox Of Knowledge?960 Words   |  4 PagesEliana I. Borja November 2014 PHIL 1301.001 Word Count: Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection a plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? The general topic is Plato’s theory of recollection. Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection the plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? Throughout many of his dialogues Plato often concludes that we cannot know something through our senses. He often concludes that we became acquainted with our knowledge in a previous existence. In Meno, SocratesRead MoreWeaknesses Of Plato1262 Words   |  6 PagesMeno, Plato justifies the possibility for one’s mind to uncover knowledge. Knowing one can obtain knowledge motivates the mind to gain more knowledge. Plato explains the theory of recollection by first questioning what virtue is, then demonstrating the process through the questioning of a slave boy. Although a few weaknesses present themselves in Plato’s argument, Plato presents a valid theory on how our minds can obtain knowledge. This paper focuses on exploring Plato’s theory of recollection by examiningRead MorePhilosophy1687 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesAnthony Charpentier Due Date: 10/7/14 PHI 307 – Ancient Philosophy First Essay Assignment Xenophanes, Socrates, Plato on the possibility of knowledge Skepticism – A skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something. In ordinary skepticism this would mean someone who would doubt the existence of something. A difference between the two is normal skepticism is you try to get it clear in your head. Ordinary doubt - or local skepticism - can usually be tested - and even when it cantRead MoreSummary : Immortality Of The Soul 1542 Words   |  7 PagesSierra Bauer Philosophy 110 Final Paper Immortality of the Soul Phaedo, also known to ancient readers as On the Soul, is one of greatest dialogues of Plato’s period. Phaedo centers itself around the death of Socrates. Throug Plato, Socrates lived on generations after his time. Phaedo begins with Socrates addressing his death and stating a true philosopher should look forward to death. He asserts that the soul is immortal and the philosopher spends his life training and detaching itself from the needsRead MoreThe Text Of The Meno By Plato938 Words   |  4 Pagesthe text of the Meno by Plato, the dialogue develops and attempts to answer the question of what virtue is, and whether it is teachable. The paradox explained can be used to discuss merely anything, and we can thus say that either one knows or does not know. If a person knows, then they cannot investigate or question their knowledge. However, if a person does not know, they cannot inquire about it which means a person cannot question for not knowing what they do not know. Plato goe s ahead and resolvesRead MoreA Life Sketch of Plato and His Works905 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosophers, Plato must remain the best known of all the Greeks. The original name of this Athenian aristocrat was Aristiclis, but in his school days he received the nickname Platon (meaning broad) because of his broad shoulders. Plato was born in Athens, Greece to one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city. He lived with his mother, Perictione, and his father, Ariston (Until Ariston died.) Born in an aristocratic and rich family, Plato s childhood was indulgedRead MoreWhy I Am A Platonist2304 Words   |  10 PagesPHIL 310A 001 Michael Griffin November 26th, 2014 Levi Shiach 41026121 Why I Am A Platonist The term Platonism is used ambiguously throughout philosophical discourse. Under some renderings, it refers to the philosophy of Plato. However, the term platonism is more widely used in contemporary philosophy to describe the metaphysical view that abstract objects (that is, those that are non-spatial and non-temporal) exist (Piyong 206). Almost universally, the distinction between these two understandingsRead MoreThe Between Socrates And Meno1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthey find it. Plato describes this ongoing discussion between Socrates and Meno. Meno’s first attempt at the description of virtue is listing examples. The health of a man is the same as that of a woman, is virtue the same for both as well? Meno states that there are certain virtues for men, like managing public affairs, helping friends, harming enemies, and protecting oneself. There are different virtues for women, managing the home, protecting possessions, and being submissive to one s husband. ThereRead MoreEssay about Phaedo by Plato942 Words   |  4 Pages Phaedo is an account written by Plato of the last conversation of Socrates’ before he will be put to death by the state of Athens by drinking hemlock. The dialog itself seems to recount Plato’s psychological, Metaphysical, and epistemological beliefs rather than an accurate portrayal of Socrates’ last conversation . The dialog addresses three main arguments for recollection including the argument of opposites, the argument of recollection, and the argument of affinity. Platoà ¢â‚¬â„¢s arguments in the

Poem Comparison (Burns and Rossetti) - 1265 Words

Comparison of Robert Burns A Red, Red Rose and Christina Rosetti s A Birthday Though the subject of both Robert Burns A Red, Red Rose and Christina Rosetti s A Birthday is love, the tone, diction, and form of each underline the different themes. The theme of the Burns poem is the beautiful ardency of the lover saying farewell to his love, while the Rosetti poem focuses on the joyous feelings of lovers being reunited. Both poems convey love as an emotion that transcends the immediate world of feeling; thus, references are made by the speakers to eternity, and vivid imagery is employed to describe extraordinary settings. Although both poems focus on love, the tone in the Burns poem is tragic, while A Birthday conveys†¦show more content†¦This form allows Rossetti to present a balanced series of similes in the first stanza, likening her heart to such beautiful things as a rainbow shell / that paddles in a halcyon sea, and then declaring that her heart is gladder than all thes e. By describing the emotions before explaining why they should be so, Rossetti puts emphasis on the reason for the happiness: because my love is come to me. The second stanza of this poem is full of imagery of the preparations to be made for the reception of her love. Details such as a dais of silk and down, vair and purple dyes, and peacocks with a hundred eyes suggest that the surroundings will decorated with sensuous materials to reflect the speaker s pleasure at the thought of her love. This description could be applied literally to a wedding, or a similarly joyous reunion of two separated lovers; however, it can also be a metaphor for the heavenly conditions the speaker experiences when she is with her lover. Burns also uses metaphors in his poem when he alludes to the end of the time with the following lines: And I will love thee still, my dear Till a the seas gang dry Â… And the rocks melt wi the sun: And I will love thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. This instance, as well as the last line of the poem, is an example of hyperbole being used to convey an absolute dedication to the woman the speaker loves. In both poems, the strict form lends itselfShow MoreRelatedThe Goblin Market : Religion And Sensuality2431 Words   |  10 Pageswould prove to be her legacy; Rossetti issued a 567-line masterpiece she called â€Å"Goblin Market,† a story of temptation, redemption, sisterhood, and unconditional love, a story she claimed was merely a children’s fairytale with no truly profound meaning. However, for over a century critics and readers alike have contemplated whether or not that claim was true, discovering dozens of possible messages Rossetti could have been trying to convey through her unforgettable poem. Despite their diversity, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night 3329 Words   |  14 Pagesthroughout each of these six poems; however each poet interprets death and its effects in completely different ways. Some poets, such as Christina Rossetti in her poem ‘Remember’, focus on bereavement in a domestic setting; whereas Carol Ann Duffy, Chinua Achebe and Wilfred Owen concentrate upon death as a result of war in ‘War Photographer’, ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum est’, respectively. Alice Walker in ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ and Dylan Thomas in his poem ‘Do Not Go Gentle intoRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 PagesThe history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language. The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that do

Case Questions for Product and Brand Management Free Essays

American Express 1. What explains the American Express card’s success over the past fifty years? 2. What challenges face the American Express card in 2008? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Questions for Product and Brand Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Delineate and rank in order the various growth options open to the American Express card. 4. How is an imminent economic recession likely to affect the revenues and profits of the American Express card? Red Bull 1. What created Red Bull’s success? What is the core franchise and benefit? Has the product’s positioning changed over time? What is the role of alcohol mixing in Red Bull’s success? 2. What is Red Bull’s success formula? For which kind of product/beverage categories will this formula work? How does Red Bull know when to turn on the advertising? What metrics would you use to make this judgment? 3. Why did the first UK launch go awry? 4. What changes were made for the US market? Should other changes be considered? 5. Assume tough competition is coming. How can Red Bull affect its franchise? What actions would you recommend? 6. What should Coke’s competitors do? Coke? Pepsi? Anheuser-Busch? 7. If you were an investor in Red Bull, would you take your money and run or wait for the long haul? Starbucks 1. What is Starbucks’ strategy? 2. Given your assessment of its competitive premise, how should it leverage its resources and capabilities to achieve its growth objective? 3. How will you respond to McDonald’s offer? 4. Now that Starbucks is entering India, what branding strategy would you recommend to the Starbucks management to establish the Starbucks brand in the Indian market? How to cite Case Questions for Product and Brand Management, Essay examples

Social Impact Of Financial In Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Social Impact of Financial In Management? Answer: Introduction When the financial institutions or assets all of a sudden face a drop in their value, such a situation is called financial crisis. With the help of this article, we are going to analyze the global financial crisis, the reasons for the occurrence of the same, and the actions that can be taken for recovery from the same (IEA, 2009). We are also going to study how the financial crisis can impact the society in financial and other aspects and how the road to recovery from the crisis is full of challenges for the business, the governments world over and the society at large. As a civil society, we need to understand that we are responsible for the economic well-being of our country and the world. It has been stated by various economic leaders and financial analysts that there is little we can do to prevent a financial crisis from happening (Dullien, et al., 2010). What we can do however is to plan and design out financial and political institutions in such a way that the country and the w orld is able to survive with minimum possible loss. There have been various comments made for the prediction of the economic crisis and shielding oneself from its impacts but it is a widely-accepted fact that the financial crisis has a spiraling and far reaching effect on the economy and the society which has lasting consequences (European Union, 2013). During a financial crisis, the demand for money in the market is less than the supply and this results in the drop in the prices of the assets. This makes the market less liquid and the banks and other financial institutions have to make up for the loss in the money supply in the market (Verick Islam, 2010). The financial crisis results in large scale unemployment, mergers, drying up of credit lines and bankruptcies. In the society, it leads to polarization as the rich get richer and the poor get poorer and the personal and social consequences of economic crisis also result in a rise of populist endeavors of the political leaders wh o see an opportunity in this situation. This report covers each of these impacts in detail and critically analyzes them to see the complexities that the business and the society has to face following an economic crisis (Programme, 2012). Economic crisis: Impact on the society The financial crisis or turmoil and its effects are not just limited to the economy of the nations and the world. They have societal, moral and ethical impacts as well. The short-term orientation and the capitalistic mentality are considered the most preferred system for wealth creation. A financial crisis occurs when there is a shortage of investment capital in the market and the investors could not obtain any credit source due to this. When we talk about the economic crisis, the one time that stands out is the economic crisis of 2007 2008. The largest catastrophe to ever hit the economy was this crisis that uprooted some of the major financial institutions and business houses (Milio, et al., 2014). Although there have been a number of slowdowns in the economy, none has been able to match the massive impact of the one in 2008. The economic crisis of 2008 led to mass unemployment, monetary loss, fall in prices and huge economic loss for all the major economies of the world. In this article, we are going to study the social perspective of the economic crisis and how the slowdown in the economy impacts the dynamics and functionality of the society at large. The economic meltdown, be it for a particular economy or for the world, causes a domino effect. It leads to the deceleration of the economic growth and contraction of the economies and their reach. The housing and real estate market collapse when there are no takers even with the exponential fall in the prices. This eventually leads to contraction of trade among the world economies and causes the reversal of capital flow from private players (Ramesh, 2009). The economic crisis also causes increased volatility and fall in prices for various other commodities. The faith of common public on the financial institutions was reduced as most of them were not able to withstand the unrest. In most countries, the maternal mortality rate as well as infant mortality rate went up for all the nations going through the crisi s and the revenues from the travel and leisure industry reduced sharply. There were various steps taken by the countries to cushion the effects of the crisis and stabilize the economies. Most of there were directed towards the economic working conditions, but some were also taken to improve the deteriorated conditions of the society (Organization, 2011). Every change or transition in the society impacts its course of development and changes its path of progression. The economic crisis and its downturn was so severe that the economies continue to suffer from it even about a decade later. The recovery has been very slow and some of the organizations were never really able to recuperate from the blow of the economic slowdown. The weak recovery has fueled some of the major political debates and has inclined the politics towards populism. It has also resulted in polarization and uneven distribution of the wealth among the various sections of the society (Hayashi, 2009). Social polarization and rise of populism The society and the economy faces a massive blow at the time of economic slowdown. It results in poverty, unemployment, exclusion and social polarization. The rise in unemployment leads to a steep decline in the faith of the people in economic institutions. The socioeconomic conditions of the nations include the extensive unemployment and loss of hopes for the upcoming generations. The lack of jobs also leads to poverty, discrimination, violence and xenophobia. The rampant unemployment caused the people to take up skills training and self-employment (Anduiza Rico, 2016). The socio-ecological impact of economic crisis is related the economy and its trends to the ecological transitions and the debt that we are raising due to expansion in the world without a limit to it. The introduction of business ethics and sustainable growth of the economy might guide the world and the developed economies mostly, towards a stable economy. The socio-technical perspective of economic slowdown can be studied by analyzing the technological advancements (Kriesi Pappas, 2014). Many economists link one with the other. Some of them have even associated the major economic slowdown with the colossal internet and dot com bubble of the 90s. The slowdown definitely has long lasting negative effects on the technological transitions but at the same time it gives the opportunity to the masses to turn towards the green technology and renewable energy sources. The socio-technological paradigm shift and the system with sustainable development might give way to an economy that has less fluctuations and rises with a steady pace and growth rate (Durant Hirsch, 2013). The political perspective of this economic downturn can be studied with the change in the outlook of the masses and their shift in perspective towards their leaders. The economic slowdown resulted in an epidemic of mistrust and dissatisfaction towards the leaders. The public lost confidence on their leaders as they were helpless at the time of recession and the public outrage was also associated with the accumulation of money with the highest economic segments and inequality in the distribution of wealth among the various sections of the society. They led to the revision of power structures and hierarchy to better understand and handle the public anguish. The public complained of social polarization and inequality among the masses (Magri, 2016). The cohesion among the societies drops due to polarization and they rift further apart because of this. Polarization impacts the weaker sections of the society the most as they are the ones who suffer a greater loss. When the resources are un evenly distributed and scarce, the poor get poorer and thus they are the ones requiring greater support from the political leaders and the society at large. The threat of polarization gets even higher at the time of economic slowdown. The people tend to turn away from the existing political institutions. Polarization indicated towards risk of an uprising or civil war in the country. This is evident from the examples of various Africana nations when the government was unable to distribute the resources evenly among the population. Urban Poverty is another new concept that has come into picture recently. This is also an outcome of polarization of the society. The vast difference between the high class and lower class in the society leads to deprivation of wealth and resources. Economic displacement and emigration causes the concentration of economic development in few parts of the country and although the entire nation is progressing and developing, the development and progress is lim ited to these few areas only. Polarization can be tackled with prior planning and reduction in income disparities (Perruci Sanderson, 1989). This can only happen if the people are provided with the skills and facilities required. The United States, which is the biggest economy in the world, accounts for the highest income disparity. This also leads to voluntary segregation where people of similar economic class happen to live together in a locality. The people belonging to higher economic groups generally tend to move away from the areas where the people belonging to lower economic groups are located. While most of the time this is self-enforced, at times this is also done voluntarily by the economic sections. The governments may try to break this trend, but even the proximity of the poor sections with the rich does not bring about development or any benefit to the weaker sections. The urban polarization is a complex subject and its analysis has brought about a few changes but noth ing significant has been achieved out of it. Polarization will continue to haunt the societies and going by the current societal norms, economic slowdown will only hit the middle income groups the worst. This will further aggravate the problem of polarization thus, the business leaders, politicians and the society need to find out a way for remodeling and planning this social situation (Schulz, 2016). Most of the economic leaders and analysts had predicted a collapse of the faith of people in the political establishments after the economic crisis of 2008. The economic downturn led to collapse of free trade, control of money supply in the economy and deregulation of trade. The public was accepting austerity as a norm and had very low expectations from the market. The trend recently has been inclining towards populism and people centric politics. The populists are identified as the leaders who are plain talkers and one from the masses. The rise of the populist parties in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and a few countries of Europe. It has been pointed out on various occasions that the downfall of economic and financial crisis leads to rise in populism in the society. The populist leaders are anti-establishment and strong leaders who voice their opinions undeterred of the consequences. The rise in cultural and societal conflicts has made populism even more popul ar. The economic issues of the society are no longer treated as a priority and the cultural issues have taken their place instead. . Populism is majorly defined by three principles. The first is an appeal to popular sovereignty over and above liberal democracy.The second being that of the anti-establishment and the third is freedom from mechanisms and political structures. A populist leader has a mass following and stands against the affluent groups of the society and the ones with the liberal values. Populism emerges as a driver for the national economy as well (BBCs Democracy, 2015). It shapes the economic conditions and impacts the monetary and fiscal policy of the nation. The rise in populism has also led to the ringing of the alarm bells in the financial institutions as they have to additionally secure themselves against the political risks involved. Populism is not a new concept, it dates back to the 1980s, when the rural populations were pitted and the Russian economy witness ed the narodnichestvo movement. At the same time, the Americans witnessed a clash of the Democratic party and the Republican party. The European Fascism and Communism also draw its roots from populism. Populism pits the people of the nation against the corrupt elite class and this can be the biggest reason for its mass following. Populism encourages the people from the weaker sections of the society to join politics and represent the people. Some of the people from the opposition also argue that populism has a firm belief that people are always right. This contradicts the belief of the liberals who stand for the minorities and the rights of the law (Funke, et al., 2015). Conclusion In this article, we have analyzed how the economic downturn has impacted the global financial situation. The economic recovery has caused the nations to strategize and plan for the upcoming financial trends and situations. Although there have been a number of slowdowns in the economy, none has been able to match the massive impact of the one in 2008. The economic crisis of 2008 led to mass unemployment, monetary loss, fall in prices and huge economic loss for all the major economies of the world. We have studied about the economic crisis of the year 2008 and tried to examine its impact on the economy of the developed nations and the world. We have also tried to study the impact of the financial crisis and economic situation on the society and the business houses. The society was greatly impacted by the economic downturn and its impacts are still being observed, although in a smaller level, in the society. It gave rise to populism that has led to the dramatic change in the government and its hierarchy. Any economic crisis has large scale unemployment as its biggest consequence. The rise in unemployment leads to a steep decline in the faith of the people in economic institutions. The socioeconomic conditions of the nations include the extensive unemployment and loss of hopes for the upcoming generations. The lack of jobs also leads to poverty, discrimination, violence and xenophobia. The rampant unemployment caused the people to take up skills training and self-employment. As a civil society, we need to understand that we are responsible for the economic well-being of our country and the world. It has been stated by various economic leaders and financial analysts that there is little we can do to prevent a financial crisis from happening. What we can do however is to plan and design out financial and political institutions in such a way that the country and the world is able to survive with minimum possible loss. References Anduiza, E. Rico, G., 2016. Economic correlates of populist attitudes: An analysis of nine European countries, Available at: https://www.ceu.edu/sites/default/files/attachment/event/14668/economic-correlates-populist-attitudes-eva-anduiza.pdf BBCs Democracy, 2015. Democracy on the edge Populism and protest, Available at: https://ifuturo.org/documentacion/Democracy-on-the-edge.pdf Dullien, S., Kotte, D., Mrquez, A. Priewe, J., 2010. The financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 and developing countries, Available at: https://unctad.org/en/Docs/gdsmdp20101_en.pdf Durant, I. Hirsch, M., 2013. The Rise of Populism and Extremist Parties in Europe, Available at: https://www.spinelligroup.eu/sites/spinelli/files/finalpopulismen_0.pdf European Union, 2013. The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/documents/130410_crisis_report_en.pdf Funke, M., Schularick, M. Trebesch, C., 2015. Politics in the Slump: Polarization and Extremism after Financial Crises, 1870-2014, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/events/2015/20151001_post_crisis_slump/documents/c._trebesch.pdf Hayashi, H., 2009. Social Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in Russia. The Journal of Comparative Economic Studies, Volume 5, p. 47 60. IEA, 2009. Thw impact of the financial and economic crisis on global energy investment, Available at: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/impact.pdf Kriesi, H. Pappas, T., 2014. Populism in Europe during crisis: an introduction, Available at: https://www.eui.eu/Projects/POLCON/Documents/kriesiandpappas2014.pdf Magri, P., 2016. Populism on the rise democracies under challange?, Available at: https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/report_populism_2016_0.pdf Milio, S., Crescenzi, R. Schelkle, W., 2014. Impact of the economic crisis on social, economic and territorial cohesion of the EU, Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/529066/IPOL-REGI_ET(2014)529066_EN.pdf Organization, W. H., 2011. Impact of economic crises on mental healthcare, Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/134999/e94837.pdf Perruci, G. Sanderson, S., 1989. Presidential succession, economic crisis, and populist resurgence in Brazil. Studies In Comparative International Development, 24(3), p. 3050. Programme, J. U. N., 2012. Impact of the global economic crisis on women, girls and gender equality, Available at: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2368_impact-economic-crisis-women_en_0.pdf Ramesh, M., 2009. Economic Crisis and its Social Impacts, Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1468018109106886 Schulz, M., 2016. The Rising Tide of Populism, Available at: https://pnccapitaladvisors.com/resources/docs/PDF/Resources/Commentaries%20and%20Insights/Insights/Populism816.pdf?1491264000073 Verick, S. Islam, I., 2010. The Great Recession of 2008-2009: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses, Available at: https://ftp.iza.org/dp4934.pdf

The tender laws of England Essay Example

The tender laws of England Essay Dickens talks about a pauper old woman, who was rendered rather misty by an unwonted allowance of beer and a parish surgeon who did such matters by contract. Dickens is trying to say about the appalling and uncaring and inadequate medical attention in workhouses. Boards generally employed the cheapest doctors. Dickens refers to Oliver as A new burden imposed upon the parish. This seems to be not Dickens view but the view of those who managed the workhouses and society in general. Dickens explains that the nurse had been drinking from a green glass bottle, the contents of which she had been tasting in a corner with evident satisfaction. Dickens views of the people who were meant to be taking care of others were not high. He thinks they are inadequate for the job, are selfish and dont care about who they are meant to be looking after. Dickens writes about Olivers mother. He says, She imprinted her cold white lips passionately on its forehead. The use of the word passionately stands out at this point because it is the first positive image so far in the novel. Dickens is trying to show how badly unmarried poor mothers were treated in the mid 1800s. The doctor states that Oliver is likely to be troublesome. This is shocking to the reader, as it is doubtful that he is to be any more troublesome than any other newborn. At the end of the first chapter, Dickens expresses that Oliver s a parish child- the orphan of a workhouse to be cuffed and buffeted through the world- despised by all, and pitied by none. We will write a custom essay sample on The tender laws of England specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The tender laws of England specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The tender laws of England specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Poor orphans had a very bad status in the mid 1800s as people thought it was their own fault they were poor. Dickens is sarcastic when he says that Oliver was left to the tender mercies of church wardens because Christian officials should be kind and helpful towards poor people, yet these people were to punish them. In the opening of Chapter 2 it says, Oliver was the victim of a systematic course of deception Dickens is trying to give his readers the message that Oliver has been a victim from birth.

Governor essays

Governor essays As a citizen of Michigan, I believe you should vote for Dick Posthumus. Under his leadership in the Michigan Senate and as Lieutenant Governor, he has a proven record of great leadership. Dick Posthumus has visions for creating new jobs, cutting taxes, improving schools, and preserving Michigans great outdoors. Under the leadership of Dick Posthumus in the Michigan Senate and as Lieutenant Governor, violent crime in Michigan has dropped to its lowest level in thirty years. Since 1991: 7500 fewer women have been victims of rape, 1000 fewer Michigan families have lost loved ones to homicide, and 22000 fewer people have been robbed. Posthumus has stated, I am proud of the efforts weve made in Michigan to get tough on crime, and as Governor, I will continue the fight to protect our families. He is also concerned with the children in Michigan. He is going to make sure every child can read by the third grade. He has plans of making Michigan schools safe for our kids. He is going to work with Michigan schools to ensure every school has a safety plan to protect our kids. Posthumus has cut taxes over thirty times and he is not going to stop now. He plans on cutting taxes while his opponent Jennifer Granholm says she might have to raise taxes. There is one other big issue that he and his opponent disagree on. Posthumus will require drug testing for welfare recipients because he feels that their children deserve better than that and feels that taxpayers should not be forced to subsidize addiction. Granholm on the other hand opposes drug testing on welfare recipients. In conclusion, Dick Posthumus has helped Michigan throughout the years and will continue to do so if he is elected governor. He is a great representative and has great plans for Michigan. If he is elected Governor he will continue to make Michigan a better and safer place to live. ...

Calm Alert And Early Childhood Education

Children’s house and school are the two most influential context in which the learning and development occurs. The term ' self regulation' is normally used to discuss about a range of abilities and characteristics that a child develops to control the emotions, focus his actions and manage his feelings. This paper aims to discus about the importance of enhancing self regulatory ability of the child. Self regulation in child plays a pioneering role in laying the foundation of the child's psychological physical, behavioral and the educational well being of the child. The role of a school is to bring each child to her individual self, achieve the maximum academic potential and to obtain the skill of self regulation. Its effectiveness may vary from school to school (Diamond & Lee, 2011). A significant amount of the class works throughout the grades helps a child to develop academically, but very few actually help to develop self regulation in children. Self regulation is extremely important for a child to deal with the expectations and tasks that a child is confronted with everyday. The paper discuss about the difference of self regulation and compliance. Compliance is something that is seen in a child when he or she is afraid of being punished, or solely to obtain any coveted award (Dickstein, 2015). Previously it was of the idea that anything can be got out of a child by giving rewards and punishment, but according to the new concept, children often don’t work well under compliance and the task also becomes very draining for the adults who play the role of a disciplinarian to force a child to do something. Self regulation on the other hand refers to an attempt to understand the cause of the problematic behavior and then try to solve the problem rather than just extinguishing them. This paper produces information regarding the prefrontal cortex of the brain that is responsible for the management of self regulation (Dickstein, 2015). Over the past few decades scientists have discovered that the tactile stimulation that occurs in a baby due to some affectionate touching, release neuro-hormones that have a calming effect on the child (Cherland, 2012). It can be done by gently rocking or bouncing the baby when he or she is fussy. The paper discuses that the fundamental princip le of self regulation about arousing a baby, that is energizing her. This social engagement system is marked by the development of the language. As a child grows there occurs a fundamental transition in his self regulation and he needs his parents less ad peers more (Shanker, 2013). The paper further more discusses about many regulations that children face for self regulating himself. The paper further discuses about the sources of stress that a child suffers from:   Biological, emotional, cognitive, social and prosocial factors . The paper further aims to discus about the key steps of self regulation. My rationale for choosing this topic is that connection between educators has been found to be a primary factor for the cognitive and the psychosocial development of children. The self regulation techniques described by this paper can be useful for a childhood educator to deal with child education. Registered childhood educators should focus to have child's eye light up as they visit the classroom. Close, nurturing relationships helps to build the cognitive connection with all the aspects of life. I believe that it also helps out the child from getting over the toxicity of the stresses (Garner et al., 2012). Since a child educator acts as a bridge between the child's mind and the real world, the educator has to remain acquainted with all the facilitators and the barriers that enhance or cease a child's learning (Sabol & Pianta, 2012). The first step of self regulation in a child is to make sure that he or she is well slept receiving nutritious food and regular physical activities.   We can use simple aids like discs for their chair at school or some play dough for squeezing, that can be calming for children. The second step is to remain aware what it is to be calmly focused and hyper aroused. The third step is to teach the students about how students should react to different situations. All these learning can be really useful for an RECE. These factors make it an important topic of discussion for a future RECE.   Self regulation is the capability to understand and manage the behavior, feelings and reactions in response to the external environment. The goal is to regulate the reactions to emotions like excitement and frustration; Calming down after the occurrence of something upsetting or exciting, focus on a particular task, refocusing attention on a new task, control of the impulses, teaching behaviors that would help the child to specialize in the near future (Diamond & Lee, 2011). One of the most important steps towards the self regulation is to be patient with the child, as it can be very difficult for very young children to work as per the rules. The expectations should be matched with the age of the child. It is necessary to try self model for the regulation of the child. This can be done by showing the child how a frustrating work can be done without getting upset (Dickstein, 2015). We can say somewhat like this, â€Å"The work was hard, but I'm glad that they did not get angry as I might have not been able to do this". Furthermore it is important to talk to talk to the child about emotions. For example, â€Å"Did you hit your friend because she was not sharing the toy, but you could have asked her politely, now ask for the toy politely and see the magic." When a child struggles with complicated feeling it is our duty to encourage him to describe the feeling. The child should be taught to react to different emotions (Duckworth & Seligman, 2005). For exam ple the child can be taught to put her hands in the pockets when she wants to snatch or strike out. Simple rules can be set that is comprehensive to the child and simple to follow. Even if the child is too young we can talk about what kind of a behavior we expect. For example, "if you hit your friend, he will never play or talk with you; hence you should never hit him. It is necessary to use words of praise when the child shows self control and follow the rules. Praise will tell him that he had done something really good and will remain motivated to continue for future purposes. Words of appreciation like "I like the way you shared the book with John, I am proud of you." Weekly classes will be arranged in order to involve the parents in the learning process and to facilitate effective communication between the parent and the educator. How to share the information with the colleagues Professional development can be accomplished by sharing knowledge of learning with the peers. It can be done by encouraging group discussion or on any domains of social networking site. Oral presentations with demonstration can be useful for disseminating information among the peers. Debate and brainstorming workshops serve as an important platform for sharing the knowledge. Other methods of dissemination can be E-mails, reports, and one-to-one discussions, conferences .A vast majority of the people engaged in learning and teaching are at least one mail base discussion list and can serve as an effective way of communicating with the audiences. Short newsletters of the action plan can keep the targeted audiences informed. Cherland, E. (2012). The polyvagal theory: neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, self-regulation. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(4), 313. Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959-964. Dickstein, S. (2015). The family couch: considerations for infant/early childhood mental health. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 24(3), 487-500. Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological science, 16(12), 939-944. McEwen, B. S., & Lasley, E. N. (2002). The end of stress as we know it. Joseph Henry Press. Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., ... & Sears, M. R. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. Pink, D. H. (2012). Book Review Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Shanker, S. (2013). Calm, alert and learning: Classroom strategies for self-regulation. Toronto: Pearson.

The Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Value of Money - Essay Example Compound interest is different from the simple interest on the grounds that it takes into account the accumulated interest that has to be paid over the years and the principle for compound interest assumes that interest should also be paid on the accumulated interest. Compounding can be done annually, semi-annually or quarterly depending upon the circumstances. Using compounding interest method, there are gigantic changes in the amount of interest that is received. The amount of interest gained, when comparing the gains from the compound interest method to the simple interest, magnifies to an enormous extent. When calculating future value transactions, the value increases by a greater extent. The concept of time value of money can be termed as the foundation of the field of finance. This concept talks about the increase in the value of money with the passage of time; Which means that the dollar that you hold in your hand right now, is worth more than it will be worth in the future, the reason being that you can conveniently invest it somewhere and earn additional money over that dollar. Another important concept that the time value of money put forward is, that the future value of the principal amount and the interest collected over a period of time can be summarized into a value today; just like you can calculate the value to which a certain amount of money today will convert into on a future date. Mortgage loans are Mortgage loans are an example of the proper application of the time value of money; reasons being the loans are given by deciding the series of future payments that are to be paid to the lender for a house that is bought. More interest is paid in the beginning because the procedure follows compounding interest method. In this case, with each payment, as the principle amount to be returned decreases, the interest that has to be paid on it decreases too. The terms that are being used to give off the loan are of immense importance; more terms mean more compounding of the loan, resulting in extra payment of interest. This law holds true for varying interest rates as well. As the terms are increased, consequently the interest rates increase too. There is a multiple effect on the payments of interest when both the factors increase. Bond Prices and Interest Rates At a glance, one would feel that there should be a direct relationship between the interest rates and bond prices. However, there exists a negative relationship between the two and this seems highly inappropriate. Bonds actually pay a certain amount of money over a period of time till the bond matures (Ken, 2008). To understand the inverse relationship between the two, let us consider the zero-coupon bonds which give no coupons but their value is determined by the difference in the value at the time of purchase to the time of maturity (Ken, 2008). As bonds provide a set interest over them, when the interest rates of the market increase from the set interest on the bond, the value of the bond has to be decreased to such an extent that the yield becomes equal to the market interest rate. For

Does Globalization have a future Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Does Globalization have a future - Term Paper Example Globalization has the positive and negative influences and consequences. Its influences and consequences are spread across the globe. There is both optimism and concern in the future of globalization. The negative influences spread to other parts of the world and may continue to influence the society in future. In the light of this, it is important to assess the nature in which globalization processes will take course in the future. This paper highlights the future of globalization. Discussion Positive Impacts of Globalization in the Society in the Future Globalization may have facilitated market and trade integration in the recent past but there are speculations about its future. Globalization has brought implications for future mobility and migration, worldwide social inequality and technological expansion. Globalization is likely to play a huge role in determining competitive advantage in the near future. Given that previous advocates of globalization in the political and the busi ness world of advanced countries are now in deep worry, it is apparent that globalization has brought positive and negative impacts. This worry stems from the fact that globalization has been responsible for the loss of jobs and pay reductions. Moreover, globalization has created a situation in which business executives continue to enjoy high salaries at the expense of other employees (Gangopadhyay & Chatterji, 2005). Given its numerous benefits, globalization will continue to play a vital role in converging market values and creating a free trading system. In the recent past, former socialist states have made transitions to economies that are based on the market. Countries like China have developed a capitalist economy with a hybrid system that possesses socialist characteristics. Such a development has had positive impacts on the economy with China witnessing an increase in productivity in some of its main industrial sectors (Waters, 2001). Globalization has influenced cultural pr eferences and taste in a scale that will be witnessed even in the future. Most countries are making a distinct move to homogenized arts, media and popular culture with the English language becoming the main lingua franca of communication in the global front. Moreover, the use of English as the main language has been promoted by the internet and the e-mail. Globalization has had negative and positive aspects. The positive aspects are many with globalization presenting numerous opportunities. Globalization continues to change the world system in an irrevocable manner and current trends indicate that the pace of globalization is bound to continue and accelerate in the near future. The most significant trends in the recent past and presently are greater inflow and outflow of goods and services, capital, people, money, technology, ideas and information (Rivoli, 2009). Globalization continues to lead to an increase in competition on the global front. This scenario will be witnessed in the future due to numerous beneficial aspects, which increase efficiency and production. Each country is likely to rely on globalization as a means of achieving higher production levels. Recently, increase in market space and competition has led to specialization and improvement in the division of labor. Countries that have thoroughly embraced globalization have achieved economies of scale and scope,

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Essay At lunch, Scout rubs Walter’s nose in the dirt for getting her in trouble, but Jem intervenes and invites Walter to lunch (in the novel, as in certain regions of the country, the midday meal is called â€Å"dinner†). At the Finch house, Walter and Atticus discuss farm conditions â€Å"like two men,† and Walter puts molasses all over his meat and vegetables, to Scout’s horror. When she criticizes Walter, however, Calpurnia calls her into the kitchen to scold her and slaps her as she returns to the dining room, telling her to be a better hostess. Back at school, Miss Caroline becomes terrified when a tiny bug, or â€Å"cootie,† crawls out of a boy’s hair. The boy is Burris Ewell, a member of the Ewell clan, which is even poorer and less respectable than the Cunningham clan. In fact, Burris only comes to school the first day of every school year, making a token appearance to avoid trouble with the law. He leaves the classroom, making enough vicious remarks to cause the teacher to cry. At home, Atticus follows Scout outside to ask her if something is wrong, to which she responds that she is not feeling well. She tells him that she does not think she will go to school anymore and suggests that he could teach her himself. Atticus replies that the law demands that she go to school, but he promises to keep reading to her, as long as she does not tell her teacher about it.

Similarities Between the Worlds of The Matrix and Sheri S. Teppers Novel, Beauty :: Compare Contrast Essays

Similarities Between the Worlds of The Matrix and Sheri S. Tepper's Novel, Beauty Similarities Between the Worlds of The Matrix and Beauty In the novel, Beauty, by Sheri S. Tepper, the main character Beauty travels through time and visits many futuristic worlds similar to those in the film The Matrix. The novel Beauty is a novel from the science fiction genre and is the story of Beauty's life. Throughout her life she experiences many abnormal places and travels. The novels different lands and the predictions it gives for our future are very much similar to the worlds and the future world in the movie The Matrix. There are three main similarities between the novel Beauty and the film The Matrix. The twenty-first century in the novel Beauty is very similar to the "real world" in the movie The Matrix. Beauty also visits a fairyland because she is half fairy. This fairyland is also very similar to the "real world" in the film The Matrix. Lastly, the time travel that Beauty experiences is very similar to the travel the Neo, the main character in The Matrix, does throug h the Matrix in the movie. These are the three main similarities between the novel Beauty and the film The Matrix. The twenty-first Century in the novel Beauty is very similar to the "real world" featured in the movie The Matrix. As stated before, the main character in the novel is half fairy. Beauty discovers this when she is sixteen years old. Throughout the beginning of the novel she believed her mother to be dead, but when she is sixteen she discovers that her mother is a fairy and lives in a fairyland. Her father and her aunts had been false to her all her life because they were ashamed of her fairy roots. Soon after she discovers this she travels through time to the twenty-first Century. When she travels to this future time she discovers it is uglier than anyone could have imagined. This world described in the novel is extremely similar to the real world described in the movie The Matrix. In this future there are no trees, animals, or sky. All of these things have been destroyed. In Beauty they live underground in tiny cells where all they have are the essentials needed to survive. In the f ilm The Matrix they live in a ship where the earth has been destroyed as well.

History of informatics Essay

1. Briefly summarize the article. Be sure to discuss the registry. What is it? Who is included in it? 2. Describe the study and its purpose. How was it conducted? What are the limitations of the study? 3. Discuss the improved outcomes that the researchers uncovered. How does it benefit patients? What are the estimated cost savings? 4. Identify and discuss the three organizational characteristics that allowed disease registries to effectively promote continuous improvement of clinical practice and health outcomes. 5. Based upon your research and understanding of this topic, do you agree that this is a worthwhile project to undertake? The health care system all over the world has been struggling with the ever rising costs as such a consensus to refocus efforts on value driven by evaluation of patient outcomes relative to costs. The registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data to evaluate specific outcomes for a population defined by a specific disease, condition or exposure that serves one or more predefined scientific, clinical or policy purpose. The thirteen diseases registry uses outcome data to improve health care value. It comprises of five countries namely Australia, Denmark, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States. The study shows that by making outcome data transparent to both practitioners and the public well managed registries enable medical professionals to engage in continuous learning and to identify and share best clinical practices. This leads to improved health outcomes, at a lower cost often. The purpose of the study is to help document changes in health outcomes in patient populations covered by disease registry. The purpose of the study not only helps identify the changes, but also helps quantify the cost savings made possible by those improvements in the form of avoided health care costs as well as the role the registries played in these improvements. The study was conducted by analyzing data published, unpublished, observing as well as interviewing physicians who used the registry. However their were some limitations to the study as it was conducted in a setting that was not randomized nor controlled hence they could not demonstrate a casual connection between the registry and improvement in health outcomes. The improved outcomes the researchers uncovered were numerous in the thirteen disease registries. One such improved outcome was in 2005 when the created the quality index that tracked how well the nations hospitals were complying with clinical guidelines. The study showed improved health outcome at a compounded annual growth rate of 13 percent from 2005 to 2007 after public disclosure. By having these improved health outcomes achieved in various sectors, patient’s benefit in numerous ways such as lower healthcare costs, lower mortality rates, improvement in quality of services rendered to patients as more and more hospitals improve their clinical practices and adhere to the clinical guidelines. The US health care system spent $6 billion on total hip arthroplasty in 2005, and according to one estimate, these costs are expected to rise to $24 billion by 2015. Based on these assumptions, we estimate that if the US health care system could lower its revision burden by 2015 to Swed en’s current level of 10 percent, it would avoid $2 billion of the expected $24 billion in total costs.

Reasons Behind Colonial Settlements in North America Essay

As a whole, I believe economic development had a larger impact on colonial settlement than religious concerns, but this varies with the individual colonies. Each colony had something different to offer England and a different motive for settling. New England came about because the Puritans and Separatists wanted a place to worship free the original Church of England. Virginia, on the other hand, was established at first as a trade colony and base for gold and precious metal expeditions. The Maryland colony was founded in order to further the cultivation of certain crops like tobacco. Religion was by no means pushed away in the colonies. It was a strong and meaningful force for almost all colonists; it Just wasn’t always their driving force. England held economic control over all colonies and did not let anything get in the way of that. Virginia became an agricultural settlement that brought large amounts of money to Britain. Religion was important and valued higher than everything except money. The colony of Maryland was given by Charles I to George Calvert, whose son (Cecilius Calvert) allowed freedom of religion to all Christian settlers in the colony. That was the biggest difference between Maryland and Virginia, who both became agricultural societies fairly quickly. Indentured servants were shipped to work the fields, which created a populous community and a strong economy. New England was created for more than Just a place for the Puritans and Separatists to worship freely. Because of American influence in English lifestyle (mainly food), the population doubled, leading to high inflation, a very unbalanced wealth distribution, and a plummeting economy. As a result of overpopulation and poverty, people were drawn to North America. Among the attracted people were Puritans and Separatists, who could both escape poverty and start a new colony based off of their own religious beliefs. These people were rebels in the eyes of the English hierarchy, and therefore received much less funding and support from the government. New England evolved as more of a family friendly colony than the Chesapeake Bay colonies, which were more business and economically focused. The Chesapeake Bay colonies were established by the English government for the sole purpose of economic development, while New England was founded by religious leaders escaping English intolerance. The Massachusetts Bay Company was moved to New England, along with the addition of three thousand Puritans by the year of 1643. The area sprouted busy seaports in coastal towns and farms in agricultural. As the population grew, New England became more financially inclined. Compared to other European societies, English colonies were as equally everyday life centered as economically centered. They brought their culture, religion, and everyday life to North America. New England and the Chesapeake Bay colonies had different personalities and goals when it came to economic, religious, and settling beliefs. The economy was a focus point for both colonies, but especially the Chesapeake bay colonies, while religion was the founder of New England.

Japanese taste culture Essays

Japanese taste culture Essays Japanese taste culture Essay Japanese taste culture Essay It is well known that sushi is very popular Japanese food in the world. In the past, sushi is an exotic and expensive food served at luxurious hotels and high class restaurants in Hong Kong. It seems a kind of class reflection. However, sushi starts to localize the taste to fit local customers. It becomes more popular than the past. Many sushi bars and restaurants offer affordable prices as localization nowadays. So, it is interesting to take a deep look into the taste and localization aspects towards Japanese taste culture. This paper examines the growth of a sushi culture in Hong Kong from historical aspect. It discusses the history of sushi and the reasons for its popularity in Hong Kong. Also, it examines the making of the sushi culture and industry and looks into different aspects of taste and localization. By identifying the characteristics of the sushi culture in Hong Kong and locating sushi in the context of globalization of Japanese popular culture. It aims to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of taste and Japanese popular culture. In Hong Kong, many people start to run sushi restaurants with inexpensive price. They also localized the taste and prices. Hong Kong is advanced in terms of localization of Japanese sushi such as the kaiten sushi (revolving sushi on a conveyor belt) restaurants and take-away sushi outlets. Hong Kong is leading this sushi boom and sushi is making its way in peoples daily diet. It is a kind of Japanese popular culture and consumer culture. LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY HISTORY OF SUSHI source Sushi is a typical Japanese food with over a thousand years of history and tradition. It has become the most visible example of Japanese cuisine in other countries. Sushi is the combination of raw fish and seasoned rice. It seems so exotic to foreigners, is a supremely logical food in Japan. Sushi is the combination of raw fish and seasoned rice that seems so exotic to foreigners. It is a supremely logical food in Japan. Sushi began one century ago in Japan as a method of preserving source fish. It is told that the origins of sushi came form countries of Southeastern Asia. Cleaned, raw fish were pressed between layers of salt and weighted with a stone. After a few weeks, the stone was removed and replaced with a light cover, and a few months after that, the fermented fish and rice were considered ready to eat. Some restaurants in Tokyo still serve this original style of sushi, called narezushi made with freshwater carp. Its flavor is so strong that it obscures the fishs identity altogether, and narezushi is something of an acquired taste. Sushi is perhaps Japans best-known contribution to world cuisine. Although sushi seems like a simple food, sushi preparation is actually a highly developed discipline. The choicest, tender morsels of fresh raw fish are artfully arranged on individual fingers of vinegary rice by a skilled chef, and then placed on a gleaming cypress counter in front of the eagerly waiting customer a few seconds later. Absolute freshness of the fish is the all-important factor for good sushi. How about the original prestige of sushi in Japan? Nowadays, the number of Japanese restaurants grew dramatically. The number of Japanese restaurants is more than a hundred source in Hong Kong. Most of them are located in business and shopping districts such as Mongkok, TsimShaShui. Sushi seems a must in the menu of all Japanese restaurants. Hong Kong people become the main consumers of sushi. The sushi business is booming and has continued to expand in the market. The expansion of the Japanese community and the impressive economic growth in Hong Kong has helped increase the popularity of Japanese cuisine. Also, many Japanese expatriates are culturally exclusive and want to maintain the Japanese way of life in Hong Kong. So, Japanese cultural such as restaurants, supermarkets and shops have increased. transition Hong Kong is one of the fastest growing and most vibrant economies in Asia. People have more money to spend on good foods and dining out has become very common. It also calls food paradise where residents and tourists can taste different types of foreign foods. Hong Kong is a multi- racial place so that we can enjoy various cuisines such as Malay, Indian, Thai, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Indonesian and Peranakan. As a result, Hong Kong becomes an attractive place for investment in the food business for the above reasons. Hence, Hong Kong people have interested in running Japanese restaurants. Nowadays, sushi has become quite popular among young people who have strong consuming power and high adaptability. WHY SUSHI IS SO POPULAR IN HONG KONG? Localization is an important reason in the sushi culture. Sushi has been transformed from an exclusive and exotic Japanese food into an affordable and localized Japanese food. In addition, the flavor and content of sushi have been altered to accommodate the local taste in Hong Kong. Exotic appeal is another factor of success. Sushi has been localized enough to suit the local taste, but not too much to undermine its exotic appeal. But sushi is still Japanese. Young people think it is fashionable to eat sushi. Eating sushi seems more fashionable and not traditional for them. Sushi is more than a food or a commercial product, it also has cultural and national meanings. Eating sushi itself can be a cultural encounter. People are impressed by many things they experience in a sushi restaurant, including the display of plastic sushi in the window, the use of beautiful Japanese utensils, the Japanese greetings and hospitality, the conveyer belt and the colors and the taste of sushi. As a result, eating sushi is not only can make Hong Kong people feel Japanese, but also international. The status of Hong Kong is an international city with a multi-racial and multi-cultural society. Sushi can be seen as a form of Japanese popular culture. The boom of Japanese popular culture in Hong Kong boosted the consumption of sushi. Nowadays, sushi is a must in high tea, buffet and reception parties in hotels and luxurious restaurants. Sushi is not only a food and a business, but also a tradition. Some people see globalization as generating increasing homogeneity, while others see it producing diversity and heterogeneity through increased hybridization. Globalization and define its causes and effects especially in relation to environmental and cultural development. Globalization as a highly complex, contradictory, and thus ambiguous set of institutions and social relations, as well as involving flows of goods, services, ideas, technologies, cultural forms, and people (Appadurai 1996). Globalization means different things to different people. Some say it is the movement of people, language, ideas, and products around the world. Others see it as the dominance of multinational corporations and the destruction of cultural identities.

Dissertation2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Dissertation2 - Essay Example A similar pattern of social influence was also reported by those who were identified as in-group members and as protà ©gà ©s. In-group members and mentored individuals reported greater use of expert and referent power than out-group members and non-mentored people. Further, out-group members and non-mentored individuals both reported a greater use of coercive power than did in-group members and protà ©gà ©s. Research interest in mentor/protà ©gà © relationships developed during the 1980s. It arose largely without articulated conceptual links to other topics in social/organizational psychology such as leadership, social influence, pro-social behavior, or social exchange. The first studies of this developmental relationship were descriptive and exploratory, such as Krams early research (2003) which identified two functions that mentors provide their protà ©gà ©s: career and psychosocial. More recent research (Noe, 1998a, 458) has examined the process and outcome of formal assigned mentor-protà ©gà © pairings and, in particular, the difference in outcomes between formal and naturally developing informal mentoring relationships (Chao, Walz, & Gardner, 2002, 619). Noe (1998b, 68) reviewed work on mentoring as it pertains to womens career development. He recommended clarifying the nature of the mentoring construct, suggesting several research questions about the development and effectiveness of these relationships. Noe also stated that "the use of leader-member exchange theory may further understanding of the dynamics involved in the formation of mentorships" (p. 73). Consistent with Noes recommendations, the present study was designed to investigate the convergence of mentoring relationships with another construct in social/organizational psychology: high-quality leader-member exchange (LMX). To explore the convergence of LMX and mentoring, we propose that

Child abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Child abuse - Essay Example In this regard, the role of school nurse is very important. A school nurse interacts with children on regular basis; therefore, she should have sufficient knowledge about different child maltreatment laws. If the nurse finds any sign of maltreatment, she should immediately report to CPS (Child Protective Services). The CPS will investigate the matter in detail. Moreover, the practice of school nurses and its standards also emphasize on reporting maltreatment incidents and taking adequate actions against child maltreatment (American Nurses Association (ANA) & National Association of School Nurses (NASN, 2011). Society has observed Children’s maltreatment at all levels. However, in schools nurses can control it significantly. Therefore, nurses have greater responsibilities regarding their growth in education and learning relevant laws. Clearly, their better understanding will lead the society towards an excellent and maltreatment-free society. USDHHS, (2010). (United States Department of Health and Human Services), Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau. Child Maltreatment (2009). Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm09 /

Case Analysis (Training Class) HR Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis (Training Class) HR - Case Study Example Other objectives include developing trainees’ understanding of their behavior and its effects on the customers, developing an effective language style that yields to a positive customer’s response, and developing a good CSS – customer relationship. Knowledge, skill, & abilities (KSAs) are very important for any job applicant, whereby, knowledge determines the amount of information that one has accumulated, for instance customer service skills. On the other hand, skills involve manipulation of people or data manually, either verbally or mentally, for instance proficiency in communication. Lastly, abilities are the powers entailed in performing a certain task at a particular time to solve problems amicably (Participant guide, 2006). Based on the training objectives provide a training agenda, indicating the time allocated and order of modules in your program. Customer Service Training Program: this is a four-week training program. Modules : week 1-4 Time: 5.00 pm- 7 pm communication skills Week 1 Customer handling techniques; managing the customer’s expectations Week 2 Effective problem solving techniques Week 3 Developing customer relationships Week 4 For each module, describe the goals of the module and the training methods you will use to accomplish it.

Morality in Ethan Frome Essay Example for Free

Morality in Ethan Frome Essay In The Morality of Inertia, Lionel Trilling argues that Ethan Frome’s inability to make his own ethical decisions ultimately makes his ‘smash-up’ a tragic event caused by the inactivity of morality. The nonexistence of this moral inertia is the explanation, for Trilling, for the outcome of Frome; the lack of moral responsibility in any of the main characters from the beginning of their lives paralyzes their decision making process they simply exist and do what is their duty. Trilling’s aspect that Frome was a morally inadequate man is a valid fact affirmed by Edith Wharton’s provided background of him; the idea that he was unable to make choices and is only capable of enduring can be proven inaccurate with his Frome’s actions throughout the story. The notion that Ethan Frome is incapable of making ethical decisions based on his background can also be countered with his background and actions. Trilling uses Frome’s â€Å"duties as a husband† and son as support for his claim that â€Å"[c]hoice is incompatible with [Ethan’s existence]† (from Morality of Inertia). However, the reader is exposed to Ethan’s ability to recognize choices, and decisions not to act on them, throughout the story. Frome acknowledges his dilemma of running away with Mattie or staying with Zeena, but is inefficient in seeing past the initial consequences of each choice and exploring other possibilities of escape besides the basic. Ethan’s central decision in the book, to commit suicide with Mattie, is made with free will; although it is Mattie’s idea, Ethan agrees and takes the reins in the front of the sled. Although Ethan Frome is a broken man perpetually frozen in a bleak Starkfield, one cannot disregard his inaction when he is presented and acknowledges choices. He constantly contemplates expressing his love for Mattie, looking for â€Å"the all-expressive word,† but fails to, even when alone with her, making â€Å"free choice† a moot point (Ethan Frome; from Morality of Inertia). Morality is not caused by inertia in Ethan’s case but personal authorization Ethan’s decision to commit suicide proves this point; the act proves that he was capable of confessing his love to Mattie, but failed to up to that moment. Although Frome can be held responsible for his moral inactivity, he can be considered a morally inadequate man in his present state. His inadequacy, however, was not a constant in life or a sudden occurrence it snowballed from his youth and finally solidified through the ‘smash-up’. His earlier experiences in a university and the joy it brought him was quickly interrupted after a year by his sickly parents. The unfortunate circumstance forces Ethan Frome to move back to the depressing Starkfield he had just escaped. His parents’ illnesses bring along Zenobia, who would be another future, unseen oppression along with Starkfield. For years, Ethan lives in depressing conditions that decline as time goes on. The chance to finally leave them behind, however, comes in Mattie, Zenobia’s cousin and maid. Ethan’s inability to act on this chance of escape finally seals his fate when Mattie is paralyzed and he is critically injured. Although jinxed with unfortunate circumstances, Ethan Frome’s life could have been bettered if one small step or action was taken by him for himself with the intention to create personal joy or pleasure. The importance of taking steps in life betterment can be seen in Ethan Frome. Although one may lack a history of â€Å"making moral decisions,† the human instinct to do so is always there (from Morality of Inertia). Ethan Frome was able to rationalize and recognize choices inside of his head; it was his inability to act on any one until his attempted suicide that created his depressing circumstances. The irony of his only decision with Mattie being one of the most deciding ones in his life underscores the fact that if he had taken this initiative before this instance, his life might have taken a different track. This was not a forced or accidental occurrence; Ethan Frome was in fact an unfortunate individual in undesirable circumstances, but with a free will and mind developed enough to make

Cultural determinants of Japan and United States

Cultural determinants of Japan and United States The purpose of this report is to explore the cultural determinants of both Japan and United States. The report elucidates the differences between the two countries in terms of leadership styles as influenced by their respective different cultures. The reason in selecting Japan as one of the research countries is because of its deep rooted strong cultural beliefs and group centered style in a business perspective. It is well known to the world that Japan is a closed economy but at the same time, extremely competitive. On the other hand, United States make a good contrast in terms of its open culture and individualistic style of doing business. Despite the differences, both are amongst the most competitive and successful nations in the world. The compromising Japanese and confrontational Americans do make this research journey an exciting and interesting one. Different cultures exist in the world and their impact on leadership styles in their respective countries is significant. As defined by Luthans and Doh (2009, p96), Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour. And culture is gained through transmissions between individuals in forms of symbols, rituals, languages, stories told and etc. It will be interesting to find out that the countries cultures do in fact influence their leadership styles to quite a great extent. In this report, two entirely different cultures; Japan and United States will be explored in depth to provide a better understanding of their background. The seven determinants of culture in these two countries will be individually discussed as well. Leadership styles in these two countries will also be examined to establish a relationship with their respective cultures. In the later part of the report, an analysis on the cultural and leadership differences between Japan and United States will give the readers a clear outline of the contrasts which exist currently. 2. Overview of Theories 2.1 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Geert Hofstede developed five dimensions of national culture. He had specifically examined the role of national culture in work related values and information system design (Hofstede, 1980). National culture can be defined as a collection of relatively uniform and enduring values, beliefs, customs, practices and traditions that are shared by a countrys members, learned by new members and transmitted from one to the next (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2001). According to Hofstede (1984), culture is a kind of mental programming that lies between human nature on one side and personality on the other. Through the completion of his study in 1980, it was found that the differences between cultures can be understood by the following four distinctive dimensions: Power Distance Individualism Vs Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity Vs Femininity Power Distance It is the extent to which people expect and accept unequal power distribution. These people are usually the ones with less power and control. Countries can be referred to as either having High power distance or Low power distance. The former has a tall and centralised structure, instructions and orders (from superiors) are obeyed without queries or rather, heedlessly. The latter, on the other hand, has a flat and decentralised structure. Superiors give lots of respect and trust to subordinates. Individualism vs. Collectivism In an individualistic culture, people look after themselves and are more self-centred. The ties between people are not strong as each person is focused on their own goals. This type of culture is mostly found in western countries. In a collectivist culture, great emphasis is placed on groups. It is more of a We culture instead of I. This type of culture can be described as harmonious and there is almost zero confrontation in times of conflict. As opposed to the individualistic culture, collectivist is more common in Asian countries. Uncertainty Avoidance It is the preference of a society for unambiguous and risk free situations. In a high uncertainty avoidance country, there are more regulations and policies to adhere to and they tend to reduce risk to the minimum. Whereas in a low uncertainty avoidance country, people are tend to push boundaries and are more daring to take risks. Masculinity vs. Femininity In simple terms, when a societys most important social values are associated with money and success, it is said to be highly masculine. It is highly stressful to be working in such environments. Feminine societies, in contrast, believe in quality of life and helping others over anything else. 2.2 Leadership in the International Context Leadership is the process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward achievement of organization goals. A good leader takes ownership over projects, while simultaneously empowering everyone in his or her team to contribute according to their key strengths. They are accountable for any mistakes made, but ensure each is a learning experience for everyone, and capable of drawing their own intuitive conclusions on the progress or outcome of a project, or foresee any roadblocks which may arise. Initiative is another key leadership trait. Successful leaders jump to their feet and run the extra mile to exceed expectations. They are two comparative areas provide a foundation for understanding leadership in the international: 1) the philosophical grounding of how leaders view their subordinates and 2) leadership approaches as reflected through use of autocratic-participative characteristics and behaviours of leaders. Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous X-Y theory in his 1960 book The Human Side Of Enterprise. The specific philosophical assumptions of Theory X leaders are humans inherently dislike working and will try to avoid it if they can. Because people dislike work they have to be coerced or controlled by management and threatened so they work hard enough. Average employees want to be directed and dont like responsibility. Average humans are clear and unambiguous and need security at work. Theory X leaders conducive to large scale efficient operations and apply to mass manufacturing Production Workers. This classify as Authoritarian, a hard management style. The specific philosophical assumptions of Theory Y leaders described people view work as being as natural as play and rest. Humans expend the same amount of physical and mental effort in their work as in their private lives. Provided people are motivated, they will be self-directing to the aims of the organization. Control and punishment are not the only mechanisms to make people work. Job satisfaction is the key to engaging employees and ensuring their commitment. People learn to accept and seek responsibility. Average humans, under the proper conditions, will not only accept but even naturally seek responsibility. People are imaginative and creative. Their ingenuity should be used to solve problems at work. This apply to professional services workers for participative complex problem solving. This classify as Participative, a soft management style. McGregor sees Theory Y as the preferable model and management method, however he felt Theory Y was difficult to use in large-scale operations. In 1981, William Ouchi came up with a variant that combined American and Japanese management practices together to form Theory Z, Theory Z essentially advocates a combination of all thats best about theory Y and modern Japanese management, which places a large amount of freedom and trust with workers, and assumes that workers have a strong loyalty and interest in team-working and the organisation. Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic) leaders provide clear expectations for what are need to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. There is also a clear division between the leaders and the followers. Some of the appropriate conditions are to be use when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are short on time, and your employees are well motivated. Participative Leadership (Democratic) leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in the group and allow input from other group members. Participative leaders encourage group members to participate, but retain the final say over the decision-making process. Group members feel engaged in the process and are more motivated and creative. Delegative (Laissez-Faire) leaders offer little or no guidance to group members and leave decision-making up to group members. While this style can be effective in situations where group members are highly qualified in an area of expertise, it often leads to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation. 3. Overview of Japan Japan is an industrialised, and one of the most efficient countries in Asia, in terms of its economy and trades. Due to the limitation of natural resources, Japan has turned to international trades for its constant supplies. The people of Japan are well educated and worldly known as extremely well mannered. Japan has strived to achieve and maintain very high health standards surpassing many other countries in the world, with its life expectancy rate exceeding that of the United States. (US Department of State, 2010) 3.1 Determinants of Japanese Culture The ancient Japanese culture has cast a massive impression on many people over centuries for being one of the most homogeneous countries in the world. Traditional, indirect, seniority based, collectivist, are some of the various terms associated with the Japanese. Their national culture is so strongly rooted that till this day, it is one of the very few countries in the world which operates in a total different and unique way with traditional customs and feudal values, and still clinging firm to them. It surely has left many people wondering and pondering, having in mind that globalisation and internationalisation is so common these days. The below are some determinants of the Japanese culture which is worth to understand. Existing Feudal Values Founded in 600 B.C and having its roots in Buddhism and Confucianism, the Japanese believes in tall hierarchical structures with strong importance placed on seniority, respect, loyalty and family. One of the feudal values is the unequal treatment of women. Women are regarded as low status in the highly masculine society of Japan. However, there are researches which shows that there has been some change to that, women are slowly paving their way up and even successful in their careers. (Bucknall, 2005) Interesting to know from Bucknalls (2005, p16) study is that the Japanese culture has a strong central core which sees things as being either right or totally wrong, nothing in between. To the Japanese, losing is unacceptable and disgraceful because losing is just totally wrong. Hence, since the ancient Japan, they have regarded themselves as being a highly superior cast of people who just cannot lose to anyone, to Conquer is what they aim to achieve. (Recall World War II) Another ancient value of the Japanese is that the seniors (in terms of age), are treated with reverence. The young people could only patiently wait for their turns for promotions. No way could they rise fast in an organisation even though they are out-performing or outstanding. Religion According to Lee and Trim (2008), the Japanese adopted Buddhism and then merged it with Shintoism. It led to the ability of the rulers of Japan to develop government ceremonies in accordance with Shinto rituals. (Osumi, 1992) Buddhism teachings emphasise on doing the right actions and making right decisions. It also involves three elements; mental culture, wisdom and morality. (Lee and Trim, 1999) Besides the above, the Japanese have also been deeply influenced by Confucian thought. (Mei, 1967) Confucianism focuses on 4 main elements; benevolence, wisdom, righteousness and decorum. It is important for foreigners to note that religion in Japan has played a crucial part in shaping their national identity. Buddhism and Shintoism intertwined, evolving their central government system. Hence, understanding religions of Japan would be highly recommended and should not be regarded lightly. Social Structure A study by Levy, (1992) showed that there are six social classes which can be distinguished in modern Japan. They are namely; The Imperial Family Consists of the Emperor and his relatives (Sacred objects mentioned by Levy, 1992, p3), unlike the King and royal family in England, the Japanese Emperor holds a symbolic position in Japans social system and extremely significant. Nobility Consists of descendents of the Kuge, Samurais, Dukes and counts. (Nobilities in ancient Japan). Highly respected group in Japan. Upper Middle Class Consists of people who are not necessarily descendents of any nobility, but have high status in modern Japan. i.e Directors of large corporations, high ranking civil servants, etc. Lower Middle Class They are the normal working class people in modern Japan. Most of the people fall under this category. Industrial Proletariat They are the blue collared workers. Peasants The rest of the population with lower than average income. Political Philosophy There are seven political parties in Japan, namely Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the Peoples New Party (PNP), the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the New Clean Government Party (Komeito), the Japan Communist Party (JCP), and Your Party (YP). Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government (US Department of State, 2010). Economy Japan is the second largest free-market economy in the world following United States. (US Department of State, 2010) It has a highly competitive and efficient economy with few natural resources. The wages in Japan are the highest in the world (EconomyWatch, 2010), but fact that the living conditions/standards are extremely high has to be considered as well. Language Almost all Japanese people converse and use Japanese as a business language. Even though they know English, they would be too shy to speak in that. Silence would be the answers in the case of dealing with foreigners. It may seem strange to many foreigners, but this is the typical behaviour of many Japanese people. Very restricted use of English (despite being an international language) would be seen in most business meetings, limited to simply Good mornings and Good Byes. They do not show willingness to converse to foreigners in another language other than Japanese, perhaps due to their extreme shyness. Education As mentioned earlier, Japanese are a group of homogeneous people. As such, their education system is highly uniformed. Hence, it can be perceived that almost all Japanese share the same ideas and beliefs. In Japan, all children are taught the same things in school, freedom to customise the curriculum is near impossible as the Ministry of Education in Japan closely supervises the education system. The Japanese government places significant importance in the education system. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan introduced five policies in January 2002 to improve the quality of education system. One of which is to increase the number of teaching personnel so as to achieve smaller teaching groups for more focus on each student. 3.2 Leadership style and relationship to Culture in Japan Japanese leadership style is unique and differs from the convention X-Y theory proposed by Douglas McGregor. In 1981, William Ouchi came up with a variant theory Z which is essentially a combination of Theory Y and Japanese management. Buddhism has been around since Japan feudal era, practices by samurais and bushi (warrior) as Zen Buddhism. When the samurai class unified the country under the leadership of shogun Tokugawa Leyasu in the Edo period (1600-1868), the sects encouraged values of hard work and patience according to their Buddhism teachings. Today, Buddhism is the most popular religion in Japan with some 85% of the population professing the faith.This forms the hardworking culture of Japanese and shapes the foundations of their leadership behaviour. Most Japanese managers believe that their employees are hard-working and are self-motivated by teamwork, that they want to share responsibility for attaining group goals and therefore seek participation in management process. Due to the participative approach of employees, Japanese managers use a blend of both task-centered and people-centered approach to lead subordinates. Both leaders and subordinates are motivated by a powerful sense of commitment to be a part of a greater whole. This is contributed by the social structure and educational system of Japan. The social structure hierarchy of Japan which consist of the Royal family down to the peasants and their strong sense of loyalty due to their Shinto teachings resulted in the Japanese believe that they are part of a greater whole, in country context Japan as a whole. Japan has one of the most successful and renowned education system. In recent years, there is a rise in higher education of Japanese in both private and government sector. Thorough its education system, it has reach attain a 99% literacy population. It has the highest literacy rates in Asia. Most Under theory Z leaders, Japanese employees seek out responsibility and strive for opportunities to advance in organisations. They work towards the goal to be in the upper middle class of their social structure. Japanese leaders believe that the employees are self-satisfied when they contribute to organisational success through teamwork. In return for their organisations long-term commitment to providing job security (often for life), workers develop strong bonds of loyalty towards their employer. Communication Flows As theory Z Seniority Leadership Due to the Japanese Feudal value, Japanese leaders are mostly base on their seniority. Evaluation of work and promotion is very slow and promotions are not base on individual performance. Seniority and age are much more important factors in Japan. Because of their emphasis on seniority, some of the major organisations in Japan are still family owned. They are managed and passed down to the Head of the family, usually the Male eldest of the descendants instead of the most capable of the family. The concept of family owned business may not work out on many other countries with different culture but miraculously organisations that are family owned showed great performance results. It is recognized in Japan to decide the heir of the business base on seniority and it is right that all others of the family must obey all instruction that the head has pass down to them. Any subjugation towards the family head will be deemed as wrong and will not be accepted by the Japanese society. This is also due to the Japanese National Religion of Shinto. They are loyal to their familiar way of life and places, therefore able to maintain their practice. Guideline: Leadership style should relate to culture determinants in 3.1. To show how the culture had influenced the kind of leadership style in Japan 3.3 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions in the Japanese context Power Distance Japan has a score of 54 on power-distance index (PDI) and a ranking of 44 out of 69 countries (Refer to Appendix 1). Japan is considered as a high power distance although the score is slightly below the world average of 55. Having a high power distance index, this will influence the leadership style of Japan. According to Hofstede, G. et al (2010), in high power distance circumstances; subordinate acknowledges the existence of inequity. Thus, hierarchical system was the result of it. With a centralized and tall structure, the power is not evenly distributed and mainly control by the people from the top management (mostly seniors). Hofstede, G. et al (2010) suggested that it is essential for management to identify the strength of local culture and make use of it to complete certain tasks. Japanese leader would delegate tasks which require subordinates discipline in order to get the work done in an orderly manner. Tasks would be completed with less conflict and disputes as subordinates would normally do what they are instructed to do. However, this would result in no or minimal initiative by the Japanese subordinates at work. Individualism Vs Collectivism Japan has a score of 46 on Individualism Index (IDV) and a ranking of 31-33 out of 69 countries (Refer to Appendix 1). The Individualism score for Japan is slightly above the world average of 43. However, Japan belongs to the group of collectivism. This is because Japan has the tendency to handle stuffs based on the relationship and believe that they have responsibility to one another. Hofstede, G. et al (2010, p120) stated that Poor performance of an employee in this relationship is no reason for dismissal: one does not dismiss ones child. Therefore, Japanese leaders would first establish a relationship and some form of trust instead of demanding work to be done. Hofstede, G. et al (2010) stated that collectivist individual has a one of the culture norm with strong concept of face where one should not embarrass another. Thus, Japanese leaders would need to opt for a correct method to disseminate the negative news instead of criticise and give negative feedback openly. Furthermore, under collectivist society, collectivist individual tends to perform the best in group and badly on individual basis. Therefore, Japanese leaders would tend to allocate more group works to their subordinates. However, when a group of employees completed their work, rewards should be given to the group as a whole and not individual. Uncertainty Avoidance Japan has a score of 92 on Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) and a ranking of 10-11 out of 69 countries (Refer to Appendix 1). Japan has a considerably high Uncertainty Avoidance Index. According to Hofstede, G. et al (2010, p213), Britain has produced more noble Prize winners than Japan, but Japan has put more new products on the world market. Japanese prefer to develop ideas which are established rather than to move ahead to supply new ideas. Furthermore, they have a systematic way to get things done which is good as this lead to actual products being produced. According to Luthan and Doh (2009), high uncertainty avoidance also implies that subordinates are less ambitious. They have low risk appetite and because of this there is an emotional need to create rules. However, not all the rules work. Therefore, leader would have to find ways to lead and motivate their subordinates to achieve excellent result. Masculinity Vs Femininity Japan has a score of 95 on Masculinity Index (MAS) and a ranking of 2 out of 69 countries (Refer to Appendix 1). Japan has the second highest Masculinity Index. Therefore, Japan emphasises the importance of having the main values which are associated with money and success. According to Hofstede, G. et al (2010), work goals such as earnings, recognition, advancement and challenge are deemed to play an important role. After identifying Japanese having a high masculine culture and background of what they want to achieve, leaders can based on the criteria and lead the team effectively. The main items that Japanese are seeking for is money and success. Therefore, leaders should provide opportunities and encourage high performance from their Japanese subordinates in order for them to achieve their goals. Leaders should also note that incentives and rewards are based on equity and not equality. 4. Overview of USA The United States of America, one of the worlds largest developed countries located between the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean. USA is highly abundant with natural resources, providing the world with its largest coal reserves. Apart from the lands and resources, USA is also considered having the worlds strongest and leading technological economy. Being one of the developed countries, USA is currently facing environmental issues like air, land and sea pollution cause by factories, mines and other industrial developments (The World Factbook, 2010). 4.1 Determinants of US Culture USA, the largest economy, deals massive trades among the rest of the world. Studying the culture norms and values of would be important to businessman and entrepreneur that are boarding the shore of the US economy. American possess a strong believe in the concept of equality. Each individual should have equal rights, equal employment opportunity and equal social obligation no matter which ethnic or gender the individual belongs to. Individualism, direct, high uncertainties are some values that are tagged to American by numerous studies. Somehow these values have its roots related to the culture of the country. Religion Although USA has a wide diversity of ethnics namely the North American, South American, Alaska native, Hawaiian native, Asian and others races; Christianity still remains as their largest form of religious belief. Among the Christian, Protestant (including Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian) outnumber the Roman Catholic with 51.3% of the total population and the later 23.9%. Followed by Jewish, Islamic, Muslim and others reported by World Factbook (2010). Social Structure In USA, most American would believe that there is equal opportunity and economic mobility and social classes does not exist. Moreover, Dennis Gilbert (1998) did defined USA social structure into 6 different classes; Capitalist Class American upper class These are the minute top notch individual that has high influence in the economy of USA, example Warren Buffett and Bill Gates. Upper Middle Class These are highly educated professional that has a high annual household income, example Lawyers, professor, and dentist. Middle Class These are college graduates that are employed for white collar position in an organization, examples managerial position. Lower Middle Class These usually consist of blue collar workers or those performing clerical position. Lower Class These refer to the working individual that draws minimal annual household income, example farmers. Under Class These refer to individual that are unemployed. Political Philosophy A national government with 50 states government, USA is considered as a federal republic country. Democrats and Republicans are 2 major parties dominating the political systems of USA. The government can be divided into three different branches. The government is headed by the Executive branch which comprises of the president and its appointed cabinet. Each state has a different government constitution, the Legislative branch consist of Senate from each state and its House of Representatives. Each state have two Senates elect by the citizen of the state. Senates will need to be re-elect after six years of service Lastly the Judiciary branch is headed by the US Supreme Court. This is the highest court that reviews and maintains the interpretative of the whole nations constitution (USA Country Brief, 2006). Economy USA has the largest and most important market in the world (EconomyWatch (2010). Even though it is the largest economy, government have much regulation protecting certain home-grown sectors. Two thirds of US economy is highly driven by its own consumer and therefore US economy can also be regard as Consumer Economy. According to World FactBook (2010), USA GDP rose to about 14 trillion in end of 2009. It is about 3 times as higher than the next largest economy, which is Japan. Despite of that, USA have also top the chart for its private and public debts owned. This could be possibly due to the economic depression in 2008 where there is an acute rose of oil prices putting the country in a state of inflation with high unemployment rate. In 2009, USA government borrowed billions to purchases equity from banks and Industrial Corporation, in order to perform additional injection to the economy for jobs creation and stabilizing the global economic downturn. Language There is actually no official language stated by Law in USA, English and Spanish are 2 most common languages. In addition, English is the language use in legislation and a main form of business communication. Hawaiian is the official state language for Hawaii (Grimes, 2000). Communication style of an American can sometimes be regarded as straight forward and aggressive. Going around the bush in meetings or discussion is considered time wasting. American has its own style of name format which is different from Asian, they would address First Name (given name) followed by Last Name (family name) as in Julia Roberts where Roberts is the family name and Julia is the given name. Whereas for Asian, we would address Last Name (family name) followed by First Name (given name). Politeness is highly valued in USA. When meeting someone for the first time, it is always polite to address them with a salutation of Mr, Miss, Madam or Dr. Please and Thank You are two most common words heard in a conversation with American. Education Slight differences can be spotted in the education system in different states but generally they are still common. For most children in USA, education starts at an earlier age of 5 and graduated from high school at the age of 17. Parents can choose to send their kids to public schools which are funded by public tax; these would be the common choice for most US citizen. In another hand, if the parents thinks that the public education systems does not suit their kids, they can still send them to private schools owned by churches, individuals and private groups (WorldWidelearn, 2010) 4.2 Leadership style and relationship to Culture in United States Guideline: Leadership style should relate to culture determinants in 4.1. To show how the culture had influenced the kind of leadership style in United States The U.S. is one of the most religious of all the large nations of the world. Gallup International reports that 57 percent of American citizens regularly attend religious services. Politicians frequently discuss their religion when campaigning, and many churches and religious figures are highly politically active. Most American religious take concrete form as congregational voluntary associations. They provide their members with multiple and continuous opportunities to observe, learn and practice the skills of community life and leadership. By doing so, religious members are exposed to have chance to acquire and practice a series of useful capacities and skills. These include group decision making, raising and budgeting funds, leading discussion, mobilization consens